Drinking Mothers Also Likely To Be Short On Vitamin D - CIFASD – Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Christina Chambers Dr. Chambers enrolled pregnant women who consumed moderate to heavy amounts of alcohol and comparison women who consumed no or low amounts of alcohol from two sites in Ukraine. They examined their nutritional status during pregnancy in blood samples, and compared their Vitamin D status to the recommended levels.

Overall, more than half of the women were deficient on Vitamin D, and women who were drinking alcohol were more likely to be deficient than those who did not, especially in the low sun seasons of the year.

Adequate Vitamin D is important for overall health and especially in pregnancy, so women whose pregnancies are already at risk of adverse outcomes due to alcohol use, may be at additional risk due to poor Vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency, if more prevalent in pregnant alcohol consumers, is one nutrient that could exacerbate the effects of alcohol on pregnancy outcomes.

Diet, supplements, and sun exposure interventions might help prevent pregnancy complications associated with Vitamin D deficiency. The full report is published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition

Phase 4:

independently collected by project. Some participants have data in multiple projects. Please download this excel file for a more detailed list of projects, sample sizes, and available data for participants across project.

Phase 4 Projects

Genetic Data

GWAS – PLINK files are provided for GWAS data obtained on individuals with and without PAE, across phases 2-4
WES – VCF files are provided for whole exome sequencing data on individuals with PAE
Data extracted from health forms are available for children and adults who participated in an online study (DiGFASD). All participants had self-reported prenatal alcohol exposure. Most provided saliva and have GWAS and WES data available.

FASD-Tree Screening Tool

Data from physical exams are combined with data from parent questionnaires to estimate the likelihood of having an FASD using methods described in Mattson et al., 2023 (DOI: 10.1111/acer.14987).

Neurobehavior Data

Phase 1 – data include measures from the Leiter, NES3, DKEFS, CANTAB, CBC and other scales

Phase 2 – data include measures from the Leiter, DKEFS, CANTAB, BRIEF, ASEBA, Vineland, C-DISC, and other scales

Phase 3 – data include measures from the DAS-II, NEPSY-II, CANTAB, BRIEF, ASEBA, Vineland, C-DISC and other scales

Phase 1

[The => will link to detail when provided]

General Intellectual Ability=>Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)
Attention and Concentration=>NES3 – Continuous Performance Test (Animals)
Executive Function=>Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (Verbal Fluency, Trail Making); Progressive Planning Test; Visual Discrimination Reversal Learning
Working Memory/Memory=>CANTAB (Spatial Working Memory; Spatial Span; Pattern Recognition Memory; Spatial Recognition Memory); Virtual Water Maze
Visual-Motor=>Visual-Motor Integration Test
Motor/Reaction Time: CANTAB (Motor Screening; Big/Little Circle); Grooved Pegboard Test
Interhemispheric Transfer=> Finger Localization Test
Psychological Symptomatology=> ASEBA (Child Behavior Checklist; Teacher Report Form; Youth Self Report); Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale; Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale; Pictorial Depression Scale

Phase 2

General Intellectual Ability=>Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition
Executive Function=> Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (Verbal Fluency, Trail Making; Color-Word Interference; Tower; 20 Questions; Design Fluency); CANTAB (Intra/Extradimensional Shift); BRIEF (Parent Version; Child Version)
Working Memory/Memory=> CANTAB (Spatial Working Memory; Delayed Matching to Sample)
Motor/Reaction Time=> CANTAB (Motor Screening; Big/Little Circle; Simple Reaction Time; Choice Reaction Time)
Psychological Symptomatology=> ASEBA (Child Behavior Checklist; Teacher Report Form; Youth Self Report); Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale; Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale; Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd Edition (Parent/Caregiver Rating Form; Teacher Rating Form); C-DISC Psychiatric Interview (Demographics; GAD; MDD; ADHD; ODD; CD modules)

Phase 3

General Intellectual Ability=> Differential Ability Scales – 2nd Ediction (DAS-II)
Attention and Concentration=> NEPSY-II (Speeded Naming; Arrows)
Executive Function=> CANTAB (Stockings of Cambridge); NEPSY-II (Word Generation; Inhibition); BRIEF (Parent Version)
Working Memory/Memory=> California Verbal Learning Test – Children’s Version (CVLT-C); NEPSY-II (Memory for Names; Memory for Designs: Memory for Faces; Narrative Memory)
Psychological Symptomatology=> ASEBA (Child Behavior Checklist; Teacher Report Form; Youth Self Report); Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale; Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale; Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd Edition (Parent/Caregiver Rating Form; Teacher Rating Form); C-DISC Psychiatric Interview (Demographics; GAD; MDD; ADHD; ODD; CD modules)

Phase 4

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – 5th Edition (WISC-V)
Delis Kaplan Executive Function Scale (D-KEFS): Trail-making, Verbal Fluency, & Color Word Interference subtests
NIH Toolbox: Picture Sequence Memory, Dimensional Card Sort, Flanker, List Sorting subtests
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test – 3rd Edition (WIAT-III): Numerical operations, Word reading, Math problem solving subtests
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Behavior Assessment System for Children – 3rd Edition (BASC-3)
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
Delis Rating of Executive Function (D-REF)

Early Predictors of FASD

Data were collected from infants in Ukraine in a prospective study.

Phase 2

Several variables are provided from an infant neurological exam and from the EEAC interview.

Phase 3

Several variables from the Conners scale, EEAC and other neurobehavioral exams are provided. Cytokine data are available.

3D Facial Imaging

3D Facial Imaging data were collected in all phases of CIFASD

Phase 1

Facial Data were acquired on an older Minolta laser system and include linear measurements for several anthropometric measures.

Phase 2

Facial Data were acquired on a 3dMD system and include linear measurements as well as x, y, z coordinates for the measures.

Phase 3

Facial Data were acquired on a 3dMD system and include linear measurements as well as x, y, z coordinates for the measures.

Phase 4

Facial data were acquired on 3dMD and Canfield systems and include linear measurements as well as x, y, z coordinates for the measures.

MRI

Phases 2 & 3: volumetric data
Phase 4: volumetric data, surface area, cortical thickness

Birth-related Data

Data describing birth (weight, length, maternal substance use) are available for a very limited subset of individuals, as most participants were adopted.

Phase 1:

Available data from Phase 1 were collected across five sites:
(1) Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
(2) Seven Northern Plains communities, including six Indian reservations;
(3) Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia;
(4) Moscow Region Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Moscow, Russia, and
(5) Omni-Net sites at the Rivne Diagnostic Center, and the Kherson Children’s Hospital, Rivne and Kherson, Ukraine.

Subject recruitment varied between the sites, and subject population was racially and ethnically diverse.

Data for Neurobehavior, Dysmorphology Demographics, 3D Facial Imaging were collected from sites 1-3 for children between the ages of 5 -18 years, although the majority were 7-18 years old.

Data on current and recent maternal alcohol consumption, demographics and pregnancy history in a prospective study of prenatal alcohol exposure were collected from mothers and their babies from sites 4-5. Dysmorphology data was collected for all participants.

Phase 1 Projects

Phase 2:

Available data from Phase 2 were collected across six sites:
(1) Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA;
(2) Emory University, Atlanta, GA;
(3) the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;
(4) University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM;
(5) Seven Northern Plains communities, including six Indian reservations; and
(6) Omni-Net locations in Ukraine: the Rivne Diagnostic Center and the Khmelnytsky Perinatal Center in Rivne and Khmelnytsky, Ukraine.

Subject recruitment varied between the sites, and subject population was racially and ethnically diverse.

Data for Neurobehavior, Dysmorphology, Demographics and Brain Volume were collected from sites 1-5 for children between the ages of 8-16 years. 3D Facial Imaging and Genetic data are also available for children from sites 1-3. Data from a longitudinal study were collected from site 6 for 350 moderately to heavily alcohol-exposed pregnant women and approximately 350 low or unexposed women.

Pregnancies were followed with serial ultrasounds and maternal blood samples were collected and analyzed for various nutrients and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Live born infants were given a dysmorphology exam, facial imaging, and neurobehavioral testing.

Phase 2 Projects

Phase 3:

Available data from Phase 3 were collected across five sites:
(1) San Diego State University,
(2) Emory University,
(3) University of California, Los Angeles and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA,
(4) University of Minnesota; and
(5) Omni-Net locations in Ukraine: the Rivne Diagnostic Center and the Khmelnytsky Perinatal Center in Rivne and Khmelnytsky, Ukraine.

Subject recruitment varied between the sites, and subject population was racially and ethnically diverse.

Data for Neurobehavior, Dysmorphology, Demographics, 3D Facial Imaging, Genetics, and Brain Volume were collected from sites 1-4 for children ages 5-7 and 10-16 years under two age-based protocols. Data from maternal blood samples were collected from pregnant women and fetal data were collected via ultrasound from mothers and babies at site 5. Live born infants were given a dysmorphology exam, facial imaging, and neurobehavioral testing. Collection of blood, urine, and cheek cell samples were also included.

Phase 3 Projects